The original purpose is shorter riders = shorter cranks, taller riders = longer cranks. If you have short legs you don't want to be spinning in a big circle. If you ride an MTB that fits & has correct length cranks that are 175mm, a road bike that fits is likely to have 170mm. Reason being, I would think, is that shorter is also better for spinning fast, longer is better for leverage that you need more of on a MTB. They come in other sizes too. But years back I had some 170mm coz they were on sale, really couldn't tell any difference at all. I guess there's a point to slightly better clearance, but avoiding pedal strikes is more about technique, in that if you clout pedals all the time, 5mm less isn't going to solve it!
Best excuse I've heard from an ex roadie avoiding a MTB ride – "I can't hire a bike because I need 175mm cranks", not realising that they're pretty much standard on a MTB. Real reason? Ultra competitive Aussie who didn't want hi lack of fitness to be seen by all! Not that anyone cared!