Some things are standard, others will have sizes printed somewhere on them. for instance
Seatposts: pull it out and down the bottom it’ll have a diameter, and a length printed on it. (for instance 27.2 dia, and 330mm length is a common one)
Bars, come in any width you want, but are generally only 2 dia yours will be 25.4 the other size is 31.8.
Stem, will need to fit the bars, but length is up to you.
cranks; it’s the type of axle interface that’s important here, there are many standards: Isis (probably yours) shimano’s own, and external ones. You can fit any you like to your bike, but the bottom bracket, and chainset have to match.
mechs: rear will fit any frame. Front; you’ll need the band size, and whether it’s pulled from the bottom or top.
wheels/hubs, won’t matter yet.
Forks, don’t go for oversized steerers, or too long suspension stroke.
That’ll get you started