Road bikes should be fine on high frequency low amplitude bumps. I expect you’ll flinch before the bike does unless you go all Road Bike Party. Wheels on the ground and predictable, consistent surfaces with no big impacts, that sort of stuff should be ok.
Road bikes are tested to a lower safety standard than gravel bikes which I believe share the same testing requirements as MTBs.
Sort of but not really – it depends. There is no standard or set of tests for gravel bikes, just road and MTB categories. Brands should interpret and spec tests using things like product class and marketed/expected use. In some areas the road test is harder to pass than the MTB test, all things like levers (fork length etc) being equal.
Surely people have been doing this since the bike was invented.
Yes but not with 400g carbon forks with carbon steerers and 100mm+ stems clamped to them, etc.