[Closed] negative air? i dont get it...

A positive spring is one that you compress a negative spring is one that wants to compress and pulls towards its centre. Hope that makes sense.

In suspension terms more negative pressure means a more supple ride and in some cases reduce the amount of travel the fork offers.

OK - I'll try and keep this brief...

It's basically to over come the friction in the seals.

Imagine you have a spring, one end against a wall, you're pushing on the other end. It's hard to get it to move at first, but once it's compressed a little, it's easier to shift...

/////////// < Push here

Now, imagine you have a smaller spring pushed up against the end of it, both springs are compressed against each other a little... now you try and compress the bigger spring... it's easier because the smaller spring is helping.

Big spring = positive air chamber
Little spring = negative air chamber

/////////// | /////

| < Pushing here

You can also use this neg've air spring to tune your suspension. Slightly less air in the Neg've will act less on the Pos've air spring, so it will be harder to move it initially, for a firmer feel.

Slightly more air in the Neg've spring and the main (Pos've) spring will be easier to compress, making your suspension much more supple on the small stuff.

No more than 15psi difference between the 2 cambers. I usually run mine with pretty much the same pressure in both, sometimes a tiny bit (5psi) more in the Neg've.

Hope that helps.

For the record - it shouldn't reduce the fork travel

Mainly used to counter "stiction" caused by the extra seals used in air forks.

stooo - Member
For the record - it shouldn't reduce the fork travel

I can't see how it does anything to reduce seal friction. This is purely mechanical.

An aior fork is progressive - the effective spring rate gets haerder the more the fork compresses. a negative air chamber gets bigger the more the fork compresses so pressure in it drops. altering the air pressure in the negative chamber allows you to tune the shape of the curve of the progression.

It 'can' have a tendency to 'pull' the fork travel down a bit if you have a bit more pressure in the negative, as mentioned by PeteG55 above... but shouldn't. I have seen it start off fine and get gradually worse (no more than 10mm) over a few months. Resetting both pressures usually sorts it.

To be honest though - most folk will run the same pressure in both. In which case it's just helping get over the seal friction... this is a good thing.

Stoo, that's the best description of it I've ever read, love the little diagrams too! 🙂 Spot on mate.

I'd echo what Pete says though, don't go much more than 10psi over on the -ve or the for drags down and the pressures will eqaulize anyway/

Also be careful how you st your pressures, it's easy to end up with an imbalance without knowing. Let ot the -ve, set the +ve, then reset the -ve. 🙂

Didn't some marzocchis use negative air as a method of travel adjust?

EDIT: And negative air is exactly the method Magura use for their flight control travel adjust system. You open a valve between the chambers compress the fork and close the valve. The nagative air pressure will have increased and the fork runs 40mm or so lower.

I can't see how it does anything to reduce seal friction. This is purely mechanical.

That's it's main reason for existing Teej. 🙂 Stoos expanation covers why it works very well IMO.

PeterPoddy..... < Yep, nice addition... what he said.

(oh, and.. cheers, glad you liked the exp')

PP & Stooo, I don't think that's the reason. It removes/allows tuning of the 'preload' effect caused by the nature of using air as a spring (even at full extension, the air is trying to force the fork to extend - a bit like a preloaded coil spring).

Matching the negative & positive pressures effectively removes this 'preload' and gives you a spring starting at 0, like an non-preloaded coil.

Conversely, you could also run with little negative pressure, and have a fork which feels like a preloaded coil fork - i.e. it requires more force to over come the starting point of the travel, the ride height is higher etc.

I've heard it explained two different ways which are both pretty easy to understand...
First - It's like lifting a weight that is sat on a spring.
Second - It's like lifting a weight that is under water.

Either way, it just makes stuff more supple and smooth. 🙂

Positive air:

high pressure makes the fork harder to bottom out and reduces sag, low pressure=more sag, easier to bottom out. Set this based on your weight (table in link/on your fork)

Negative air:

works against the positive (which is why it shouldn't be more than 15 psi more inflated). Higher negative air makes your fork easier to compress (good for small bumps) higher positive air makes it less prone to pedal bob but less sensitive to the small stuff.

Set the positive relative to your weight, then the negative relative to that value with your terrain in mind. I think I've got my negative air 5psi higher than my positive.

Happy pumping!

First - It's like lifting a weight that is sat on a spring.

That's keeping it brief!
Nice description... I'll remember that one in future.

Also be careful how you st your pressures, it's easy to end up with an imbalance without knowing. Let ot the -ve, set the +ve, then reset the -ve.

I was very sceptical of this, but did notice my Pikes were losing a few mm of travel, let the -ve air out before setting the +ve and all good. It's more faff but now converted to the above

With the +ive & -ive pressures about the same in my SIDs they sit about 10% into their travel without me being on the bike. This increases to 20% when I'm on it which is the kind of sag I like to run anyway.

Reading the comments so far, have I done something wrong or is this normal? I know others who have exactly the same with theirs so have not been worried by it so far.

Sounds like there is a thousand ways to get it wrong.

I'm with TJ on this (god help me...)

What the negative spring does is adjust the sag by reducing the spring rate of the fork at full extension (and then a reducing amount as it compresses).

Unless you ride your forks topped out (eg no sag) then the negative pressure doesn't affect 'sensitivity', only how much sag you're getting - the stiction is still there regardless.

Let's say you set the fork up as most people do - eg same pressure in both (set up correctly of course - +ve then -ve). Because the pressure is equal, when you're not sat on the bike, the fork will sit at full extension. Add some weight to the bike (enough to overcome the stiction) and the fork will sag.

If you set the same fork up with no negative pressure chamber then the added the weight to the bike, the sag would be less because you'd first have to overcome the preload of the +ve air chamber.

So having the negative chamber allows you to run more sag without having a spring that's too soft for the rest of the travel but it doesn't actually make the fork more 'sensitive'. (at least by my definition of 'sensitive' which would be that there's basically less stiction so it responds better to small bumps).

#remains confused# 😐

My understanding was that it makes the spring rate more linear. A normal coil spring will have a fixed compliance of x N/mm whilst an equal stiffness air spring will have a compliance of roughly x N/mm for the first part of its travel, ramping up to 2x N/mm by the time it's half compressed, ramping to 4x N/mm by the time it's 3/4 compressed and so on.

The negative air spring ramps up in the opposite direction, thus cancelling out some of that increase.

Nobby - are you pumping up the +ve THEN the negative (with both empty to start with?

My understanding was that it makes the spring rate more linear

Quite the opposite - the negative pressure makes the fork more rising rate since it reduces the overall effective spring rate at the start of the travel.

My understanding was that it makes the spring rate more linear.

That sounds much more likely.

I can't see how it has anything to do with reducing friction. In Stooo's original example of a spring against a wall, I don't see what friction you'd be overcoming. Adding a second spring pushing the first is equivalent to just using a less stiff spring in the first place. If the springs are linear (force proportional to distance moved) this is true across the entire range of travel.

Air springs are not linear (they're proportional to 1/(spring length - displacement) ), so I think opposing springs are used to reduce this non-linearity.

In Stooo's original example of a spring against a wall, I don't see what friction you'd be overcoming

It's really a bad example. Air springs are not like coil springs at all.

Because of the seals pressing on the sides of the chamber, air springs have a lot of initial resistance aka stiction - coil springs do not have this. The idea behind the negative spring PARTLY is to provide a little kick start to get the piston moving.

My understanding was that it makes the spring rate more linear.

Again, no. The negative chamber will only have a negative effect until it's extended to the point where the pressure inside is equal to atmospheric pressure. Further compressing the fork results in negative pressure adding to the spring rate. And as negative air chambers tend to be quite small, this happens early on in the stroke.

Pace forks used a coil negative spring which helped make the fork seem really linear, because when fully compressed the coil spring had no effect; an air negative spring would have had a great deal of negative pressure in it at full compression increasing the overall effective spring rate.

The idea behind the negative spring is to provide a little kick start to get the piston moving.

It doesn't though - the drag is still there.. All it does it increase the sag for a given positive pressure meaning that you don't have to run the positive too soft (or too rising rate) to get a decent amount of sag.

Having thought about it a bit more.. it increases small bump sensitivity NOT by reducing stiction, but by reducing the rate right at the start of compression...

Resistance to initial movement = stiction + initial rate

So minimise the initial rate, and get better small bump sensitivity 🙂

It works too.

...or you could fit them, ride a bit, fettle with the recommended settings, ride a bit more etc. When you're happy with the way the forks rides, come back on here and tell us all what you found the negative air spring did for you 😉

A lot of waffle on this thread.

It's simple really:
F=force
T=travel
[img] [/img]

A coil spring (red) starts compressing with only a small amount of force.
An air spring (green) needs lots of force to get it to start compressing (it's 'pre-loaded').
Add an negative spring (blue) and you can counter act the pre-load of teh positive spring.

Several mistakes in that glen

A coil spring usually is preloaded and a air spring does not have to be

Usually the initial spring rate of the air spring is lower than the coilkd thus its actually easier to get it moving.

all this thread shows is that as usual bikers don't understand how the suspension works.

How a negative air chamber can reduce mechanical friction in the fork is beyond me.

Glen - Only if the fork is topped out which isn't the case since everyone rides forks sagged, even if they don't have a negative chamber.

TandemJeremy - Member

Several mistakes in that glen

A coil spring usually is preloaded and a air spring does not have to be

Usually the initial spring rate of the air spring is lower than the coilkd thus its actually easier to get it moving.

all this thread shows is that as usual bikers don't understand how the suspension works.

How a negative air chamber can reduce mechanical friction in the fork is beyond me.

How do you pressurise an air chamber without preloading it?

IMVHO Glen is pretty much spot on there, and that is was I was trying to explain in my post:

#
retro83 - Member

PP & Stooo, I don't think that's the reason. It removes/allows tuning of the 'preload' effect caused by the nature of using air as a spring (even at full extension, the air is trying to force the fork to extend - a bit like a preloaded coil spring).

Matching the negative & positive pressures effectively removes this 'preload' and gives you a spring starting at 0, like an non-preloaded coil.

Conversely, you could also run with little negative pressure, and have a fork which feels like a preloaded coil fork - i.e. it requires more force to over come the starting point of the travel, the ride height is higher etc.
Posted 5 hours ago #

TJ - please explain how an air spring (in a fork or shock) can not be preloaded (and not be far too low a spring rate).
Also, none of the coil forks I have used have been preloaded (although it has it's uses).

Clubber is right of course, the body weight on the bike might be enough to overcome an air spring pre-load, but you wouldn't get much sag for the correct spring rate.

can not be preloaded (and not be far to low a spring rate).

I think he meant basically that - eg no pressure above atmosphere which admittedly would be pointless as it'd be too soft.

but you wouldn't get much sag for the correct spring rate.

Exactly - sort of (see the last para below). [u]But what the negative chamber doesn't do is adjust sensitivity[/u] though more -ve pressure may make it feel like the fork is softer to some extent (particularly to people who run their forks too hard otherwise) as they have more sag and as a result you can feel the fork moving about more when you monkey about on the bike.

The problem with no negative spring is that often the fork is too linear if you want to design it so that it sags a reasonable amount or it's too rising rate and you get little sag. That's why the negative chamber is a good thing as it allows you to tune the spring curve.

Simple glen - start it at atmospheric pressure. Then its not preloaded.

When you have correctly set sag both types of fork have an equal preload.

Every coil spring I have ever seen [i]is[/i] preloaded sometimes not by mucH.

Right, so you run your forks /shock at atmospheric pressure then and let me know how you get on TJ. 🙂

The point is, for that to work you'd need a completely unfeasible compression ratio.

Once again you are talking BS.

Don't worry, Glen, he's just being a pedant though of course technically correct.

How does Solo Air work? Does that mean that both coil springs are set at atmospheric pressure so the preload of one is equal to the other but slightly different to overcome the initial stiction?

so should positive pressure be set to get the correct sag and then add the negative pressure? if i did that with my revs the positive pressure would eb about 70 pis and i am 12.5 stone!!

Yes Glen being pedantic - but a coil spring needs preload as well.

Clubber is nearest right in this

The problem with no negative spring is that often the fork is too linear if you want to design it so that it sags a reasonable amount or it's too rising rate and you get little sag. That's why the negative chamber is a good thing as it allows you to tune the spring curve.

Only If its too rapid rising rate then you get too much sag and too linear you get too little

Amount of rising rate is related to the volume. Using a negative air chamber allows you to refine the spring curve further than by merely altering volumes as you have two different curves combining to give a final effect spring rate.

'Single' air springs usually have either a coil negative spring, or an auto-balancing negative air spring (i.e. the two air spring chambers are connected only at zero travel).

Only If its too rapid rising rate then you get too much sag and too linear you get too little

😳 Oops, yes, that's what I meant..

I don't think you can use the term "preload" when talking about air shocks. They're not a linear rate so preload doesn't make sense to me. If you increase the amount of air you put into a chamber the pressure, and thus the effective spring rate, will increase. If you leave the amount of air the same but decrease the size of air chamber, the pressure again increases, again increasing the effective spring rate.

Think of the Fox Dhx bottom out resistance control - all it does is up the spring rate by reducing the air chamber volume, without you having to touch a pump.

In other words, you can't preload an air spring as all it will do is increase the effective spring rate.

TJ I think you're being a little pedantic here; No a negative air spring will not reduce mechanical friction. However, it does help to overcome mechanical friction by pulling, or sucking the fork into it travel.

I don't know the exact ins and outs of the system that does this but it is something along the lines of the negative spring pulls the forks into their travel; as the positive air chamber volume decreases the spring rate increases; when the negative air chamber volume increases the spring rate decreases, meaning it has less "pull" on the forks, and enabling the positive side to prop you up.

If you were to put too much air in the negative side, then the moment at which it "stops pulling" will be later (or further into your forks travel). Which means your positive side will feel too soft, and a bit divey.

Thats a real basic musing, because there's all kind of damping stuff, valvery and clever trickery going on, but in essence this is how it works.

You're almost there mildred but the negative pushes, not pulls.

However, it does help to overcome mechanical friction by pulling, or sucking the fork into it travel.

No it doesn't that would only be the case if you normally rode the fork topped out - zero sag. At sag, the fork is static and the drag is exactly the same as if the fork was at any other position in the travel (assuming the seals don't 'energise' with pressure or similar but I'm pretty sure that isn't the case for bike piston seals.

And it's still not about sensitivity.

all this thread shows is that as usual bikers don't understand how the suspension works.

All this thread proves is that TJ is a right arrogant git who thinks everyone else is a **** but in reality his knowledge isn't any better than the rest of us. But he's 100% convinced he's the god of suspension 🙂

Come on mate, do us a favour.

It doesn't reduce mechanical friction. But it DOES reduce the EFFECT of mechanical friction, by reducing the rate early on in the compression stroke.

Can't understand how someone that claims to know about suspension can't see this. Or feel it when they try it out (if indeed you have, like me).

And some folk are getting confused about preload. If you have sag, then the fork is in equilibrium (spring against rider weight) so any bump will cause the fork to move. So preloading the forks with no-one on the bike will mean the equilibrium point is in a different place ie less sag. If you had loads of preload then you'd have no sag, and therefore the fork woudl need a big bump to get it moving.

So air forks are not pre-loaded as such, when in a riding situation.

Presumably the negative chamber has a much smaller piston area otherwise it would totally cancel out the support from the positive chamber.

It should be possible to approximate the resulting displacement/force curve with a relatively simple equation, ignoring stiction (which is horribly non-linear) and damping (likewise).

I wonder if negative air chambers are critical in keeping fork performance more consistent as the air in the fork gets hots through repeated compression cycles?

It doesn't reduce mechanical friction. But it DOES reduce the EFFECT of mechanical friction, by reducing the rate early on in the compression stroke.

That's pretty spot on. So, again, what negative air allows you to do is fine tune the fork's rate.

If you have sag, then the fork is in equilibrium (spring against rider weight) so any bump will cause the fork to move

Well, not entirely - that's where the stiction/seal drag comes in - and that's what's unaffected by all this - sensitivity will largely be determined by how much seal drag there is though the fork's spring rate at this point will also affect how soft it feels.

Molgrips - everyone including me.

I have some understanding of therm in theory which is more than many. Whaty it means in use to handling I am not clear on.

Nothing you do with air springs can possibly reduce mechanical friction. No one has given nay explanation of how this could occur

It doesn't reduce mechanical friction. But it DOES reduce the EFFECT of mechanical friction, by reducing the rate early on in the compression stroke.

How can it not reduce the friction but reduce the effect and rate of that friction

What yo say about preload is also rather muddled.

Reread what clubber says - he has a decent grasp of it.

Well, not entirely - that's where the stiction/seal drag comes in - and that's what's unaffected by all this - sensitivity will largely be determined by how much seal drag there is though the fork's spring rate at this point will also affect how soft it feel

Sensitivity is affected by negative air, for the reasons mentioned above. Drag is the same, but the initial rate (ie opposition from the spring) is less.

I find that in practise to be honest.

Reread what clubber says - he has a decent grasp of it.

Yes, and he agrees with me. And is being reasonable about it too and not insulting my intelligence all over the place.

TJ, I do understand it pretty well, so let's just accept a communication issue and leave it, shall we?

Let's face it 'sensitivity' is a pretty wooly phrase - I'm taking it to mean how small a bump the fork will react to and this is determined by the friction in the fork.

What Molgrips is saying is that by having a negative chamber, you can have the fork running softer at the sag point without it being too soft further into the travel which partially mitigates having fork drag in the first place.

But still, adjusting the negative pressure will only affect the sag point, not the overall sensitivity.

And TJ, you are being patronising as usual. Clearly you grasp the ideas but no better than many others and you're being pedantic and rude about it to some, molgrips in particular who I note that you seem to persue with unnecessary zeal across several thread... Not what I expect from someone who's so vehemently opposed to bullying.

Why are we not differentiating between static and dynamic friction here - theres a marked difference between the two in systems such as those that are being discussed here.

and why, if -ve pressure is to adjust sag, do Rockshox manuals tell you to set sag [i]prior[/i] to setting the -ve pressure?

RS manuals also tell you to put stupidly high pressures in the forks...

Static, dynamic, different but the difference isn't really relevant to the current discussion by my reckoning.

How so? Please explain. IME the 'breakaway point' - i.e the force required to get the fork moving from a static position, is noticeably reduced with greater, rather than lesser -ve pressure, and you appear to be suggesting that it doesn't make any difference to this and is just a way to adjust sag.

I get the rest.

IME the 'breakaway point' - i.e the force required to get the fork moving from a static position, is noticeably reduced with greater, rather than lesser -ve pressure

Not in my experience - how can it be? The seal friction is still there - you still have to load up the fork until the point where that's overcome.

Of course by increasing -ve pressure, you will be making the effective spring at that point in the travel softer so that once it does break away, it's easier (softer) to move.

Ah, I see now where I was confused.

In practice, one can't separate the resistance of the spring and the seal stiction easily.

True enough which is where I think a lot of the confusion comes from. In the real though, set them up with the same pressure and for the majority of people for the majority of riding, it's just fine. Princess and the pea types will need to fiddle more 🙂

Ie me 🙂

I fiddle a lot.

And my experiences tie in with SO's.

I did not mean to be rude or patronising but it is
clear to me that most bikers - and motorcyclists are the same - have very little idea about how suspension works. You see some very badly set up bikes out there and as on this thread you hear some very odd ideas from people as well as some misconceptions.

Such as mechanical static friction can be reduced by use of a negative air chamber.

It cannot.

it is clear to me that most bikers - and motorcyclists are the same - have very little idea about how suspension works.

True. However some on here DO know how it works 🙂

Such as mechanical static friction can be reduced by use of a negative air chamber.

It cannot.

No, but its effects can be mitigated which is the point we are trying to make; and the end result is very similar.

All you are doing molgrips is to reduce the effective spring rate. NO effect on the stiction at all.

clubber - Member

Not in my experience - how can it be? The seal friction is still there - you still have to load up the fork until the point where that's overcome.

Of course by increasing -ve pressure, you will be making the effective spring at that point in the travel softer so that once it does break away, it's easier (softer) to move.

TJ:

Imagine an air spring as a piston i a cylinder (which it is).

Make it well sealed, and so that it doesn't leak it needs to tighten up as the spring compresses and air pressure increaces, you don't notice this in use as the stictions already overcome and the increaced force on the 'spring' makes the added friction negligable, in some ways its a good thing as it by default becomes a progressive damper.

Now say you put 100psi on the +ve side, the seal is now quite well jammed in and thus going to provide a lot of stiction/friction. But put 100psi on the other side and all is good again as the seal is no longer under any load. Thus you've made an air spring with no stiction!

The reason they feel best with slightly more in the -ve is that at the sag point the -ve chamber is larger so at a lower pressure, more -ve pressure to start with counters this.

Fox rear shocks do this by a gap in the wall of the piston that allows air past at a point but not anywhere else in the travel so the -ve side is charged automaticaly. Thats why when the air seal fails the shock tends to bottom out/lock down as theres still loads of air sealed in the -ve chamber.

Look, you're all wrong.

When you're whizzing downhill and hit a jump, you sometimes take off, and fly for a few yards. This is often referred to as [b]getting air[/b].

When I'm whizzing down the hill, hit the same jump point, and crash, (falling into the ground rather than rising above it), this is [b]negative air[/b].

Dunno what all this spring malarkey's all about.

Now say you put 100psi on the +ve side, the seal is now quite well jammed in and thus going to provide a lot of stiction/friction. But put 100psi on the other side and all is good again as the seal is no longer under any load. Thus you've made an air spring with no stiction!

It will still have stiction - and it will be no spring it there is no air pressure differential.

As soon as the fork gets into its working range - ie with the weight of the person on it it must have the same pressure difference across the piston ( as a fork wiothout negaticve air)- the pressure required to support the person - hence the same loadings on the seal and the same stiction

N

TJ - you're missing the point completely.

Molgrips explained it in a simplified way, in that the friction is indeed a constant, but that not all of the force required to overcome it needs to come from a single downward pushing action. If some of it came from a pulling action from the other side of the seal, the force required to push down would be lessened. It's just a case of re-distributing the required force differently.

Nope - I understand the point molgrips is trying to make

I deny that is what is happening. I think he is confusing reducing the spring rate for reducing the friction.

Take an average sized rider on the bike. single chamber air fork with [u]the rider sat on the bike[/u] the pressure in the fork is say 100 psi

if that was a fork with a negative air Chamber with say 20 psi in it { [u]with the riders weight on the fork[/u]) then the positive side would need 120 psi in it ( assuming the piston area is the same in both forks)

This with the rider on the bike the stiction is the same as the pressure differential is the same

You cannot gain a pulling action from an air spring - its always a push

I'm getting the pen and paper out to show what I mean.

You cannot gain a pulling action from an air spring - its always a push

Unless it's got negative pressure in it, like it has at the end of the compression stroke.

Its still not a pull - its a push from the side with higher pressure.

No such thing as negative pressure either. It cannot go below zero.

If one side of a piston is at zero pressure - total vacuum then it is pushed by the air pressure on the other side. Low pressure does not pull. High pressure pushes

Jesus Christ.

I gotta agree with TJ on the pressure thing. Basic physics.

LOL @ BWD though. I know how you feel.... 😉

Guys, you do know what 'stiction' is don't you? What it actually menas? 😈

No such thing as negative pressure either. It cannot go below zero.

Surely all this is gauge pressure, not absolute?? So you can have a -ve pressure. It's all relative to atmosphere not an absolute vacuum.

If people are going to be pedantic and we are talking absolute, then those people need to revise the psi values they have been using to describe the set-up of any fork using pressurised air.

Good grief TJ.. I've come to expect pedantry as an art form from you but on this thread you are being incredibly obtuse 🙂

You are correct with your exact definitions of the physical processes that are taking place and your definitions of them but you are totally missing the point of the 'perceived effect' from the pov of the user when all these forces are combined in the fork.

It's true you can't alter the co. of static friction between two materials - it's as you say a fundamental property of the matrerials... But you can create the illusion to the user that you have in effect reduced it by 'preloading' the perceived 'pulling' action of the negative spring (And yes I know that an airspring doesn't pull but the effect to the user of the mechanical implementation of it can make it seem that it is). I think most people understand the abstraction required to make that work as well as understanding the fact that the physical processes involved are adding to give an overall 'effect'.

In fact I think you do too, but you are just loving the pedantry of your argument far too much to admit that 😉

TJ, earlier:
[img] [/img]

We all know that 'pressure' in common terms is about pressure differential with respect to atmospheric pressure. We also know that a vacuum doesn't suck, but the atmosphere sucks.

But really, what ****in difference does it make in this argument? None at all, that's what.

Proper scientists and engineers (which you're not) know that you can combine factors to produce an effective result and treat it as such. So if you have a closed piston, and you pull it - it pulls back. Why this happens when you are designing a mechanical item like a fork is not at all important, so there's no point worrying about it.

World: 1 + 1 = 2
TJ: 1+ 1 = 4 - 2

glad i asked now.....

^^^^ +1

The fact that it's not even correct in the terms being discussed just makes it more ridiculous.

jonny m - Member
glad i asked now.....

😀 At least it should be clear to you now??!!

An amazing amount of garbage posted in this thread. Glenh and retro83 are the only two that understand the purpose of a negative spring.