I have a Camridge Audio A5 amp and that has a built in phono stage, but without the pre-amp the sound is very quiet compared to the other inputs.
Are you sure you’ve got the MM/MC switch in the right position?
All a ‘phono stage’ is on an amp is a normal input with the phono pre-amp built in to get it to a level that the amp cam do something with.
I know Cambridge audio did some amps for a while, where the phono stage was optional, but the labelling on the front had it as a phono input; my Dad’s got one of these & I remember when we bought it he was asked if he wanted the phono input for an extra £20 or something and they opened the amp in the shop & plugged in the pre-amp module.
Could it be that your amp has the labelling, but the option of a pre-amp was never fitted?