I’m no expert on this, but if you’re using structured cabling then I think you’d need to use a PSTN Master adapter on the phone end for a regular phone; the ‘master’ bit means it has a capacitor used by the ringer.
What you’d need to do at the wall end, I’m not sure. I’d be half tempted to cut the plug off at the patch panel end of the cable and wire it directly to the punchdowns on the back of the panel. (-: Pins 4&5 IIRC.
That said, if it’s just a panel-to-panel cable run, you shouldn’t need anything fancy; it’s not a PABX, you’re just extending wires from a domestic phone line.
Historically, home phone systems used to use a ‘ringer’ wire. They’d shove something like 40V down a third wire (the orange one) to power an actual bell. New phones with electronic ringers don’t work like that, so it’s common practice now to disconnect this wire to reduce interference. Can you try a different phone perhaps?
Again; not my field of expertise, just rolling ideas around.