Sync ensures files in multiple locations are the same. If you change either location it makes the other location the same. Its two-way. If you accidentally delete a file, it syncs that deletion to the remote copy and that gets deleted too.
Backup is archiving copies of your files at regular points through time. It’s one-way, in that you use your working copy and Windows changes are sent to the backup. If you accidentally delete a file you can go back to a previous backup where it still existed.
Very important difference! Both very important, but different. Also different from simple file copying too. You can for instance back up a synced file, and also sync a backed up file. With different results.
Sync allows you to sync more than one device with the remote copy. So sync a laptop with one drive, files then appear on the tablet and phone automatically.