Fiddling with the screws is a classic mistake. They are just the stop screws and only affects the mech dropping off the top and bottom. Well that and the b tension screw which affects how close the chain gets to the mech, but just used to adjust smoothness of shifting potentially.
It could have become de-indexed, maybe through wear on the gear cable. Indexing is dealt with via the barrel adjuster(s) at the end of the cable. You could try adjusting this, making small turns and test the shifting. Though it may be you just need a new cable.
Cassette may be worn enough that it’s slipping the chain under load onto another cog. New cassette and chain would be required if that worn.