Right, well there's this thing called anthropic reasoning, and it goes like this. Lots of things on earth are co-incidentally just perfect for life, but this isn't a co-incidence. Life could only evolve sufficiently to think about these things on a planet where everything was just-so.
Or, to put it another way – there could well be billions of other planets out there where conditions are not perfect for life, but no-one'd have evolved on them to start thinking about it.
So not a remarkable co-incidence at all, rather a pre-condition of this very discussion.
As for insolation, I seem to remember a figure of 1.5kw/m2 from uni. Maybe this was at the equator. If we say X is the amount at the equator, then the amount at a latitude L = X * cos(L).. If I could be bothered I could probably remember how to work it out using calculus, given the total output of the sun.
And I don't think that the earth's core has much to do with ambient temperatures on the surface other than providing us with a magnetic field (which is of course vital, keeping the atmosphere in place). I seem to remember reading that it gets pretty warm on the moon which has no hot core. Also space stations etc would get really really hot when the sun's on them – that's why they get covered in tin foil. So I'm guessing that heat from the core makes not much difference.