Not convinced by the buds are bad argument either – surely they’re more isolating so if anything you can run them quieter than over-the-ear ones (assuming you aren’t talking about full-cup noise-cancelling jobbies)
You know how when you leave a loud night club your hearing seems duller, because some muscles in the ear contract to reduce the transmission of sound to the inner ear.
Well I have tinnitus and hyperaccusis from clubbing and other things – so I am sensitive to sound levels.
Assuming I am listening at the same perceived volume then I can only wear buds for a few minutes before I get this effect, whereas I can wear over-the-ear and in-ear phones for hours.
To me that says that the buds are pumping more spls down my ear – which would cause more hearing damage.
remember I said this if you start getting tinnitus…