Isn’t a transept the lesser axis of a church – ie, if the main body (the knave?) lies east-west, then the transept lies north-south, making up the “arms” of the cross? Did you mean transit, when an object crosses in front of another object, so a solar eclipse is the moon in transit across the sun.
In vague terms, the nadir is the closest or lowest point a body gets relative to the obervor. High/far away=zenith, nadir is the opposite. It also refers to the part of a satellite facing earth
No idea on sun angle, but Jessops used to sell a solar compass for around £20. If they don’t or are no longer around try other photo retailers
EDIT – you might want to double check this, but at least it’s a start