I run short cranks to relieve knee pain (osteo-arthritis). I’ve tried 155, 160, 165, 170 and 175, and I’m 6′ tall, normal lush leg length…
In my experience, the following things are true:
1) While a short crank theoretically gives less leverage, in practice the leg being (on average) straighter during the power stroke seems to compensate for this. I find I can push a higher gear with short cranks than with long ones (when seated).
2) spinning is easier.
3) Out the saddle honking can be less efficient (you lose the straight-leg advantage mentioned above).
4) The saddle will be higher for a given leg length. So you may lose some fore-aft stability when climbing, and there’ll be marginally more times when a dropper post earns it keep. Both extremely marginal effects, though.
For me, short cranks work really well, and I think I’ll be sticking with 160/165 for the foreseeable future. Your physiology will be different, so it may or may not work for you. Give it a try… 😀