2G/3G/4G networks are carried on variety of different frequencies. While voice isn’t using the data element necessarily it still runs on one of those networks. The SIM authorises registration on the network. The bands are grouped into GSM, Hspa and LTE. Data is various protocols on top (GPRS, Edge, HSPA, HSPA+, LTE/4G,amongst others, but they’re generalised as GPRS/2G/3G/4G).
That said a 4G SIM will work on the others, but you can have a lower that doesn’t work on higher ‘G’. The phone itself also determines what networks it can work on.
Actually some voice may go over a higher rate protocol on better networks for improved quality and some have supposed HD voice, though only if calling someone else with the same.
What may cause a 3G SIM to not work in some phones is the SIM card size as these vary. But you can request a replacement SIM for the right size or use an adapter.
Anyway, Nokia 3310 3G. Redesign of the old classic, is a feature phone, not smart though can do some data, and works on 3G.