My speed and endurance noticeably improved when I started training with a heart rate monitor, I train in different heart rate zones each day alternating between easy (zone 1), medium (zone 2 & 3), and hard (zones 4 & 5). I’ll have one or two days a week when I won’t be on the bike but may go to the gym to do some core strength training. The heart rate monitor really helps to motivate yourself, you can see when you need to try harder and when to back off. It’s even more effective when used with a cadence monitor which helps to train your leg speed high.
My zone 1 days are recovery days, normally upto an hour. Zone 2 and 3 will be longer rides (2-3 hours) and Zone 4 and 5 will be shorter interval / fartlek training sessions. Every 4 weeks I’ll have a rest week with only zone 1 rides. I’ll always try to fit in an epic ride with mates on a Sunday.
For zones to be effective you have to know both your resting and maximum heart rate. I’ve found all the max heart rate calculations to be a waste of time. You’ll only find your out by getting out there and pushing yourself to the limit after a good 30 minute warm up. This is only advised if you have already been exercising for some time.
I use the Heart Rate Reseve method to calculate my zones which I find far more effective than the max heart rate alternative.
In regard to nutrition, I find for best results eat a high carb meal 1-2 hours before a ride, on a ride water is ok up to an hour but an energy drink is better for longer rides. Post ride a carb/protein meal (ratio 4:1) or recovery drink (e.g. For goodness shakes) works best for recovery. Through the week following a high nutrient diet diet helps lots as does eating 6 smaller meals per day. Think breakfast – snack – lunch – snack – dinner – snack.
Lastly, all your hard work will be for nothing if you do not get adequate rest and recovery. This is where all the gains come from, if you do not allow enough time to recover you will end up overtraining and will find you’ll make yourself il and slower. 8 hours sleep a night is highly recommended.