The steering wheel spike was first mentioned in a book by John Adams – 'Risk and Freedom' in 1985
He made reference to research by Evans at General Motors, specifically:
Evans, L. 1984: Driver behavior revealed in relations involving car
mass. Conference paper, General Motors Symposium on "Human
Behavior and Traffic Safety". To be published'in a book with the
same title, edited by L. Evans and R. Schwing (Plenum Press,
1985, in press).
(I know this because John was a hugely entertaining lecturer when I was at UCL 94 – 97)