I had something similar happen on a long descent in Morocco. I was racing another guy down a long series of double track straights with 180 hairpins every 200m down a steep mountainside. The outside of each hairpin was an almost sheer drop.
On each straight I would stomp out of the hairpin and then brake hard into the next. I was up to a pretty decent lick on one of the straights and just hit the brake before the corner when the rear brake lever suddenly pulled right back to the bar. Holy crap that scared the bejesus out of me – I had no idea my heart rate could jump that quickly! Fortunately, I managed to stop just before the edge on the front brake alone and wait for my pounding heartbeat to subside whilst contemplating the drop below.
Checking the bike over I found that one side of the (almost new) rear brake pads had completely gone…just come unglued from the backing plate and flown off! I’m not going to say which pads they’re not going anywhere on my bikes again!