You cant fit the cassette then put the adapter on – the centre of the adapter is too big. This is why the lockring wont do up past a certain point
It’s normal for the adaptor to not go on once the lockring’s on, no issue there.
If the cassette and lockring will go on properly with the adaptor out, then it’s almost certainly the adaptor itself. Either not fully inserted into the hub and sitting too tall, or something less likely like it being the wrong part or damaged in some way. Does it fit OK in a bike? (if the adaptor’s sticking out too far the wheel will be wider than 135mm- you could measure that too. Frames tend to splay a little without a wheel in but, well, I’d notice if the wheel was wider than usual.
I would have assumed that if the QR adaptor just isn’t all the way in, that the lockring would either force it on, or maybe pull the hub off… But maybe not.