I can say for certain that a pinged up rock can and will take out your aluminium BB shell/frame, and a fairly robust alloy frame at that!! A little dent won't kill the frame immediately, but after a few months of further riding you can bet your a$$ sure as night follows day that the circular dent will have expanded to a ridge crossing the entire tube, there will be little cracks around it, the paint will be wrinkling and it will creak when you ride.
A while ago someone posted on here saying "my frame's got a small dent am I f*cked". I myself posted saying, "no mate, it's fine, purely cosmetic, ride on etc.". A few months later after my own minorly dented frame has evolved into a massively dented one, I retract this advice! Any damage to the metal on your frame no matter how small warrants replacement, this includes bad cable wear.
Thanks for all these tips. I will use a tyre on zip ties as an interim measure through the summer until my LBS next services my bike, when I'll ask them to put on some frame protectors or maybe just helicopter tape.