Laptop and [normal amplifier] inputs will be around 2V AC maximum – “Line Level”
Turntable cartridge outputs a few millivolts, so you need a PreAmplifier to boost the signal to Line-Level.
As I suggested, if its only for ripping the discs, you’d be better using a mate’s deck, all set up etc. Save the audio as FLAC, Apple Lossless, or at a push AAC 320kb – vinyl sounds good, don’t waste it!
IIRC the wikipedia article on Turntables is a good place to start.