Viewing 40 posts - 1 through 40 (of 61 total)
  • Riots in England/Uprising of the unheard
  • astrid
    Free Member

    RIOTS IN ENGLAND/UPRISING OF THE UNHEARD

    RIOTS ARE THE VOICE OF THE UNHEARD
    Martin Luther King

    http://quotationsbook.com/quote/34458/

    ”Whilst many seek to pin the blame on the inevitable result of decades of oppression in under-privileged communities, the causes of the riots are swept under the rugs looted from Carpet Right. Inequality is at the heart of this. As long as the police see themselves as above the law, young people will take it into their own hands.”

    JODY MCINTYRE/FROM BRIXTON TO TOTTENHAM

    From Brixton to Tottenham, the inequality at the heart of the riots

    WE ARE NO LONGER WILLING TO PUT UP WITH POLICE BRUTALITY OR RACISM

    ALONDRA NELSON ON TWITTER

    Dear Editor and readers,

    SUMMARY:

    In contrary with the British politicians and mainstream media, the riots in England are no ”mindless violence” and ”criminal acts”, but the direct consequence of government cuts, which are especially damaging to poor neighbourhoods. decennialong social deprivation and often unpunished police violence.
    The methods [burning and looting] are wrong, the deadly victims unacceptable, but the fury about the yearlong police violence and the social injustice is legitimate
    This is the resistance of the unheard and humiliated, as Martin Luther King has stated [1]

    TIMELINE

    The riots were short, but vehement and took place from 6 untill 10th of august 2011 [2]
    What started in the multicultural underprivileged neighbourhood Tottenham [London North] as a peaceful protest against the police shooting of Mark Duggan [3], became a real uprising and spread in and outside London, especially in ciies in the Midlands and North West of England [4]

    Those riots, which started in Tottenham, are often compared with the Tottenham riots, which took place in 1985
    Direct cause was also a death by police violence
    Also in this case the viictim was black

    Tottenham/October 1985
    The Broadwater Farm riots

    After the arrest of a young black man, Floyd Jarrett, his house was been searched by the police, which led to a confrontation between the police and Jarrets family members.
    In the commotion, his 49-year-old mother, Cynthia Jarrett, fell over and died almost instantly
    Later the police was criticized about the way the home searching took place [5]
    After the death of Cynthia Jarrett the socalled Broadwater Farm riots spread, which costed the life of a policeman, Keith Blakelock [6]

    A week before the death of Cynthia Jarrett another black woman, Dorothy Cherry Groce, was shot in her home by the police and was paralysed below the waist for the rest of her life
    The direct cause was the police searching of her son Michael Groce, who was suspected of fitearms offence
    Her shooting was followed by the Brixton riots in 1985 [7]

    Tottenham 2011

    Direct cause was the police shooting of Mark Duggan, a father of four at 4th august in an attempt to arrest him.
    The police sho shot him were part of the Specialist Firearms Command [CO19], accompanying officers from ”Operation Trident”, a London Metropolitan police Unit which deals with ”guncrime in the black community”
    Immediately after the fatal shooting the police spread the runour [which was promoted by the media], that Duggan had fired at the police.
    However, ballistic investigation showed, that Duggan didn’t fire at the police at all [8]

    What really infuriated the people was the lack of respect the police showed to a peaceful protest of family and friends of Mark Duggan to Tottenham Police Station
    No information whatsoever had been given about the cause of his death
    The parents of Mark Duggan found out how he died from the press
    Two days later [9]

    REACTION OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND POLITICIANS ON THE RIOTS
    MORAL DECLINE?
    WHOSE?

    Members of Parliament:

    Striking is, that all British political parties, from conservative to ”progressive” left were unanimous in condemning the riots as ”criminal” or ”mindless” [10]
    Often without any reference to underlying causes or the fact, that this was no isolated outburst of fury, but based on years of protests from mainly black underprivileged neighbourhoods
    Those who did refer to social backgrounds [like financial cuts], nevertheless called for extreme measures to end the riots [11]
    A courageous reaction came fron Labour MP John Mc Donnel, who stated:
    ”“MPs and their expenses, bankers and their bonuses, tax evading corporations” had created a “society of looters”. [12]

    State/Government:

    It was no suprise, that State reaction was extremely repressive
    Prime minister Cameron laid all ugly cards on the table

    He called the rioters ”criminals” and the riots ”moral decline”
    He spoke about ”culture of fear in the streets”, neglecting the fact, that the years of violent police action had caused a culture of fear among the inhabitants of underprivileged black neighbourhoods

    His measures were tough enough
    16000 policemen were sent to London
    He threatened to use the watercannon, which was never used in England [although it was a common measure of repression in Northern Ireland]
    The use of the rubber bullet also belonged to the possibilities
    His most extreme statement was, that the police was free to use ”all means necessary” [13]

    Yet apart from his repressive means he uses the riots as an excuse to promote extreme police measures [14]

    REACTION OF THE BRITISH PRESS

    The British press followed the politicians like slaves
    Agan, from ”progressive” to conservative press, an unanimous condemnation of the riots, often without any reference to the underlying causes [15]
    Besides silly comments from the conservative press [criminality, moral decline], the socalled ”progressive” paper The Guardian used law and order language in her ”statement” to the public to back the police [16]

    The Independent was less worse, but not good enough
    Although they uttered police and society criticism, any relation between police violence/social problems and the riots was denied.
    They called the riots ”mindless violence”, a stupid comment, since there was no reference to underlying causes [17]

    One could compare the reaction of the press with those media, which commented the 11 september attacks without any reference to the deeper lying causes [18]

    True exceptions:
    The Socialist Worker, the Morning Star and anarchist comments

    Between all those negative press reaction, there were two good exceptions, the Socialist Worker and the Morning Star, which DID comment on the years of social deprivation, government cuts, racism and police violence, which had created the riots
    They placed it in historical perspective by pointing out, that the 2011 riots didn’t come out of the sky, but had a background, from the eighties of the former century [19]
    But those are no mainstream media, but stemmed from the resistance, which is not bound by parliamentary ties
    From anarchist view there also was fundamental criticism [20]

    CAUSES OF THE RIOTS
    ”MINDLESS VIOLENCE” OR LEGITIMATE RESISTANCE?

    ””WE ARE NO LONGER WILLING TO PUT UP WITH POLICE BRUTALITY OR RACISM”
    Alondra Nelson [Twitter]

    Politicians and press were in a competition to scream about the ”criminal character” of the riots, ”mobs out of control”, ”gangsters”, mindless violence, etc, etc
    Causes didn’t play any part, the death of Mark Duggan had nothing to do with it
    And more of that nonsense

    But reality shows another cup of soup:

    Of course it is not by chance, that riots have their origin in poor, underprivileged areas as Tottenham, which are plagued by great poverty, unemployment and lack of perspective, especially for young people.
    Recently in Tottenham eight of the twelve youth facilities were closed.

    Add to that racism and systematic police violence with often a racist nature and you have your ingredients for riots [21]

    RIOTS/HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

    Since the early eigthies [of the former century] anti racist and socio economical riots took place, often clashes between black youth and the police, but also white youth take part, since they are victims of the same social deprivation
    In most cases, direct cause is police violence or an inedequate police investigation after racist violence against black people
    Underlying causes are the socio economical problems.
    It is not by chance, that looting is directed against the big stores like Sony and banks [22]

    FRENCH RIOTS/LOS ANGELES RIOTS
    SAME CAUSE, SAME STRUGGLE

    A tight comparision is made with the French riots in 2005 and 2007 and even the Los Angeles riots in 1992
    As well the French as LA riots stemmed from the same origin
    Poverty, a lack of perspective, high youth unemployment
    Direct causes were also police violence
    In the french case, Amnesty International sharply criticized police violence and impunity [23]

    CULTURE OF FEAR IN THE STREETS
    POLICE VIOLENCE

    Police violence is one of the greatest sources for riots and is often directed against blacks, although not only
    Causes lie often in racism AND in the fact, that most ”coloured” people live in underprevileged neigbourhoods, where tensions and frustrations are bog because of structural poverty
    Investigation shows, that black people have 25 times the chance to be controlled by the police
    The cases of violent police confrontation are alarming
    Mark Duggan, Cynthia Jarrett, Cynthia Jarrett and Dorothy Groce are the top of the iceberg [24]
    The last ten years, at least 650 people died in police custody [25]

    NOT RIOTS, BUT THIS POLICE VIOLENCE CREATE A ”CULTURE OF FEAR”

    DEVASTATING FOR THE POLICE
    UNMASKING POLICE VIOLENCE
    REPORTS SCARMAN/GIFFORD/MACPHERSON

    Two reports about police violence were revealing, the Scarman report [1981] following the Brixton riots in 1981 and the Gifford report [1986] following Broadwater Farm riots in 1985
    Although the riots were condemned, both reports revealed serious police racism and prejudice
    The Gifford report even did a proposal for reforms of the police
    So did the MacPherson report [1999], which was created following the death of Stephen Lawrence [26]

    IMPUNITY OF POLICE VIOLENCE

    What makes people furious is the impunity of the police violence
    Investigations take place and reports are written.

    HOWEVER, THE LAST 40 YEARS NO POLICE OFFICER HAS FOUND GUILTY OF ANY DEATH IN CUSTODY, DESPITE THE GREAT NUMBER
    THE SAME IS THE CASE REGARDING POLICE SHOOTING INCIDENTS
    In case of the death of Cyntrhia Jarrett, no police officer has been charged, in the Cherry Groce case the police officer involved has been acquitted.
    The same old story with regard to other shooting incidents [27]

    DEATH OF A POLICEMAN/NO MOUNTAIN TO HIGH……

    However, when a police officer is killed, all hell breaks loose.
    During the Broadwater Farm riots in 1985, police officer Blakelock had been killed [28]
    Police maintained a substantial presence on the estate for several months, arresting and interrogating 400 people.
    Eventually 6 men were charged, three minors and three adults.
    The juveniles all had their cases dismissed after the judge ruled the conditions in which they had been held were so inappropriate that their interrogation was inadmissible – conditions included being questioned naked except for a blanket, which was cruel and inhumane, and being questioned without a guardian [29]
    Eventually three adults [Winston Silcott, Engin Raghip en Mark Braithwaite ] were convicted to lifelong imprisonment despite no witnesses and limited forensic evidence.
    The Tottenham Three are Innocent Campaign and the Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign pressed for a retrial. On 25 November 1991, all three defendants were cleared by the Court of Appeal when an ESDA test [30] demonstrated police notes of interrogations (the only evidence) had been tampered with. [31]

    DOUBLE STANDARDS

    Double standards, regarding human lives
    For any loss of human life deserves the same justice, regardless the victim
    Any human being has the right to life and dignity

    EPILOGUE:

    The riots are over after State hugh repression
    16000 policemen were sent to London, the use of the watercannon and baton rounds has been considered, there were mass arrests of 1500 people, mass home searches and harsh sentences by the Courts [32]

    However, nothing has been solved, when the State only reacts with repression and lack of respect for the fundamental rights of any human being, regardless descent

    The right to life
    The right to be free from poverty
    The right to live in dignity

    When the State doesn’t respect those rights and only reacts with repression, when the police is not reformed, the next riots are on their way, when time is ripe

    Moral decline there is for sure
    But then from the side of the State and police

    Kind greetings

    Astrid Essed
    Amsterdam
    The Netherlands

    [1]

    RIOTS ARE THE VOICES OF THE UNHEARD
    MARTIN LUTHER KING

    http://quotationsbook.com/quote/34458/

    [2]

    WIKIPEDIA
    2011 ENGLAND RIOTS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots

    BBC NEWS
    TIMELINE AND MAP OF VIOLENCE

    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14436499

    BBC NEWS
    ENGLAND RIOTS

    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14452097

    WIKIPEDIA
    TIMELINE OF 2011 ENGLISH RIOTS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_2011_England_riots

    [3]

    POLICE SHOOTING OF MARK DUGGAN

    WIKIPEDIA
    2011 ENGLAND RIOTS
    POLICE SHOOTING OF MARK DUGGAN

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots#Police_shooting_of_Mark_Duggan

    Source:

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots

    WIKIPEDIA
    DEATH OF MARK DUGGAN

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Mark_Duggan

    LONDON EVENING STANDARD
    NO EVIDENCE THAT MARK DUGGAN SHOT AT POLICE, SAYS IPPC
    10TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976974-no-evidence-that-mark-duggan-shot-at-police-says-ipcc.do

    [4]

    THE GUARDIAN
    TOTTENHAM RIOTS: A PEACEFUL PROTEST, THEN SUDDENLY ALL HELL BROKE LOOSE
    7TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riots-peaceful-protest

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    HOW THE RIOTS SPREAD ACROSS BRITAIN
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25682

    [5]

    THE GUARDIAN
    ANGER SMOULDERS IN TOTTENHAM: THE BROADWATER FARM RIOTS OF 1985

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/aug/08/anger-tottenham-broadwater-riots-1985?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487

    See also

    25 YEARS: A RIOTOUS ANNIVERSARY

    http://www.hlstudios.eu.com/hlblog/lang/en/25-years-a-riotous-anniversary/

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    TOTTENHAM-A PROUD HISTORY OF RESISTANCE
    9TH\AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25658

    DEATH OF CYNTHIA JARRETT

    WIKIPEDIA
    BROADWATER FARM RIOT

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot

    CONDEMNATION OF POLICE CONDUCT

    ”The local council leader, Bernie Grant, later condemned the search and urged the local police chiefs to resign immediately as their behaviour had been “out of control”.[

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot#Death_of_Cynthia_Jarrett

    Source:

    WIKIPEDIA
    BROADWATER FARM RIOT

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot

    SEE ALSO:

    ”In a statement issued after he had heard rioting had begun Haringey’s black mayor, Mr Bernie Grant, said: ‘For the second time in a week, a black woman had been killed by officers of the state. Police behaviour is totally unacceptable. The force is out of control. ”

    THE GUARDIAN
    POLICEMAN KILLED IN RIOT
    7TH OCTOBER 1985
    STREET VIOLENCE IN TOTTENHAM, NORTH LONDON

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1985/oct/07/ukcrime.garethparry

    [6]

    THE GUARDIAN
    POLICEMAN KILLED IN RIOT
    7TH OCTOBER 1985
    STREET VIOLENCE IN TOTTENHAM, NORTH LONDON

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1985/oct/07/ukcrime.garethparry

    [7]

    ”A black woman, Cherry Groce, had been shot by police a week earlier in Brixton. ”

    WIKIPEDIA
    BROADWATER FARM RIOT

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot

    THE MIRROR
    CHERRY GROCE, WHOSE SHOOTING BY POLICE SPARKED THE BRIXTON RIOTS, DIES AGED 63
    30TH APRIL 2011

    http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/04/30/cherry-groce-whose-shooting-by-police-sparked-the-brixton-riots-dies-aged-63-115875-23095667/

    BBC
    1985/ RIOTS IN BRIXTON AFTER POLICE SHOOTING

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/28/newsid_2540000/2540397.stm

    BBC
    1987: OFFICER CLEARED IN GROCE SHOOTING CASE

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/15/newsid_2530000/2530537.stm

    DEATH OF CYNTHIA JARRETT

    ” The inquest found that Jarrett had died accidentally. No police officers were charged or disciplined for her death.”

    WIKIPEDIA
    BROADWATER FARM RIOT

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot


    Insp Douglas Lovelock, who shot Mrs Groce, was cleared of criminal charges in 1987.”

    Source:

    BBC
    1985/ RIOTS IN BRIXTON AFTER POLICE SHOOTING

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/28/newsid_2540000/2540397.stm

    [8]

    DEATH OF MARK DUGGAN

    THE GUARDIAN
    MARK DUGGAN: PROFILE OF TOTTENHAM POLICE SHOOTING VICTIM
    8TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/08/mark-duggan-profile-tottenham-shooting

    THE GUARDIAN
    LONDON RIOTS: MARK DUGGAN DIED OF GUNSHOT WOUND TO CHEST, INQUEST TOLD
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/09/london-riots-mark-duggan-inquest

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    HOW POLICE KILLED MARK DUGGAN
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25690

    IPPC [INDEPENDENT POLICE COMPLAINT COMMISSION]
    UPDATE ON MARK DUGGAN INVESTIGATION INCLUDING DETAILS OF BALLISTIC TESTS
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/Pages/pr_090811_dugganupdate.aspx

    THE GUARDIAN
    MARK DUGGAN DIDN’T SHOOT AT POLICE, SAYS IPCC
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/09/mark-duggan-police-ipcc?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487

    THE GUARDIAN
    LONDON RIOTS: THE FAMILY OF MARK DUGGAN SAYS IT HAS NO TRUST IN THE IPCC
    14TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/14/mark-duggan-family-ipcc-met-police-tottenham-riots

    [9]

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    HOW POLICE KILLED MARK DUGGAN
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25690

    ”But Lammy [British MP/Addition Astrid Essed] did suggest that the police could have handled the situation in Tottenham better. “There are questions about the nature of the escalation of this violence last night, and the nature of the policing that led up to it,” he said. “I am concerned that what was a peaceful protest turned into this.”

    THE GUARDIAN
    POLITICIANS CONDEMN TOTTENHAM RIOTS
    7TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/aug/07/politicians-condemn-tottenham-riots

    [10]

    THE GUARDIAN
    POLITICIANS CONDEMN TOTTENHAM RIOTS
    7TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/aug/07/politicians-condemn-tottenham-riots

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    RIOTS: THE VOICE OF THE UNHEARD
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25656

    WIKIPEDIA
    POLITICAL

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots#Political

    Source:

    WIKIPEDIA
    2011 ENGLAND RIOTS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    POLITICIANS ARE THE REAL LOOTERS
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25684

    [11]

    ”Labour MP Ken Livingstone did talk about the damage that government cuts have done to young people. But then he called for more police—and even the use of water cannon on the streets. They have never been used in mainland Britain.”

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    POLITICIANS ARE THE REAL LOOTERS
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25684


    I am concerned that there is growing social dislocation in London and a threat that the police will be forced into escalating conflict with some London communities. We do not want to go back to the 1980s.
    The economic stagnation and cuts being imposed by the Tory government inevitably create social division.”

    WEBLOG LIVINGSTONE
    KEN LIVINGSTONE STATEMENT ON TOTTENHAM RIOTS

    http://www.labourlist.org/ken-livingstone-statement-on-tottenham-riots

    [12]

    ”John McDonnell MP pointed to the real problems in society. He said, “MPs and their expenses, bankers and their bonuses, tax evading corporations” had created a “society of looters”.

    Source:

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    POLITICIANS ARE THE REAL LOOTERS
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25684

    THE GUARDIAN
    PROFILE JOHN MC DONNEL

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/johnmcdonnell

    WEBSITE JOHN MC DONNEL

    Homepage

    ACTIVITIES IN PARLIAMENT

    http://www.john-mcdonnell.net/parliament/john-in-parliament/

    [13]

    THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD
    NO CULTURE OF FEAR IN UK STREETS: CAMERON
    11TH AUGUST 2011

    http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/no-culture-of-fear-on-uk-streets-cameron-20110811-1in72.html

    THE SCOTSMAN
    LONDON RIOTS: 16000 POLICE ON STREETS TONIGHT
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://news.scotsman.com/news/London-riots-16000-police-on.6815647.jp

    THE GUARDIAN
    LONDON RIOTS: POLICE WILL USE BATON ROUNDS IF NECESSARY, WARNS MET
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/09/london-riots-police-baton-rounds

    THE GUARDIAN
    DAVID CAMERON: POLICE CAN USE WATERCANNON TO CONTROL RIOTS
    10TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/10/david-cameron-water-cannon-police-riots

    THE GUARDIAN
    NOW IT IS NOT THE TIME TO USE WATERCANNON AND BATON ROUNDS
    10TH AUGUSTUS 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/aug/10/water-cannons-baton-rounds-hugh-orde?intcmp=239

    Cameron said the police have been authorized to use whatever means necessary to combat “despicable violence,” with plans in place for water cannon to be available within 24 hours if needed, he said.

    Source

    LOS ANGELES TIMES
    DAVID CAMERON SAYS ”FIGHTBACK” AGAINST LOOTING IS UNDER WAY
    10TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-london-riot-fightback-20110810%2c0%2c1577489%2cfull.story

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    MORE POLICE MEANS MORE TROUBLE
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25685

    [14]

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    CAMERON USES RIOTS AS AN EXCUSE TO CRACK DOWN
    11TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25695

    [15]

    REACTION OF THE PRESS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots#Press

    Source:

    WIKIPEDIA
    2011 ENGLAND RIOTS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots

    [16]

    Britain’s 2011 riots have become a defining contest between disorder and order. In that contest, important caveats notwithstanding, there is only one right side to be on. The attacks, the destruction, the criminality and the reign of fear must be stopped. The rule of law in the cities of Britain must not only be defended against delinquent destruction. It must also be enforced. There can be arguments about wider issues later. Today, in this moment of threat, the necessary position is to stand behind the police.”

    THE GUARDIAN
    URBAN RIOTS: THE BATTLE FOR THE STREETS
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/aug/09/urban-riots-battle-streets-editorial

    [17]

    Attempts to trace this outbreak of lawlessness to deprivation and the social marginalisation of Britain’s inner-city youth need to be handled with care. A lack of economic opportunity and aspiration in our inner cities is unquestionably a problem that local and political leaders must address. But it is spurious to draw a connection between that disaffection and specific outbreaks of violence of the sort we have seen in recent days.”

    THE INDEPENDENT
    THE LESSONS TO BE DRAWN FROM MINDLESS VIOLENCE
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-lessons-to-be-drawn-from-mindless-violence-2333987.html

    [18]

    ”And hereby the very causes of the 11 september attacks are revealed
    The Western dominance in the Middle East [including support for Israel] and the committed warcrimes in Afghanistan and Iraq, which stay unpunished given the balance of power, as the unpunished Israeli crimes in occupied Palestine.

    Terrorism is not the Evil, but the reaction on the Evil”

    INDYMEDIA CHICAGO
    OSAMA BIN LADEN KILLED BY US TROOPS/NO JUSTICE WITHOUT A TRIAL
    10TH MAY 2011

    http://chicago.indymedia.org/newswire/display/94038/index.php

    [19]

    ”This is what happens in a society of deep and growing inequality, where there are great pools of unemployment and poverty, where there is systematic police harassment and racism, and where many young people feel they have no future.”

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    WHY PEOPLE ARE RIOTING
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25645


    This is not a revolution.
    This is a primal scream against years of oppression. ”

    MORNING STAR
    TINDERBOX BRITAIN
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/news/content/view/full/108079

    [20]

    WORKERS SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT
    CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS: AN ANARCHIST PERSPECTIVE
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.wsm.ie/c/london-riots-causes-consequences-anarchist

    [21]

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    WHY PEOPLE ARE RIOTING
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25645

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    POVERTY AND RACISM SHAPE LIFE IN TOTTENHAM
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25691

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    DEEP ANGER THAT SPARKED A RIOT
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25688′

    THE GUARDIAN
    LOOTING FUELED BY SOCIAL EXCLUSION
    8TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/08/looting-fuelled-by-social-exclusion?intcmp=239

    WORKERS SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT
    LONDON BURNS: CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS-AN ANARCHIST PERSPECTIVE
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.wsm.ie/c/london-riots-causes-consequences-anarchist

    FROM BRIXTON TO TOTTENHAM, THE INEQUALITY AT THE HEART OF THE RIOTS
    JODY MCINTYRE
    8TH AUGUST 2011

    From Brixton to Tottenham, the inequality at the heart of the riots

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    RIOTS: THE VOICE OF THE UNHEARD
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25656

    [22]

    HISTORY OF THE RIOTS

    THE GUARDIAN
    TOTTENHAM: ECHOES OF A HISTORY NOT FORGOTTEN AS RIOTING RETURNS
    7TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/07/tottenham-history-rioting?intcmp=239

    RIOTS IN ENGLAND

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Brixton_riot

    1980 St. Pauls riot · 1981 England riots · 1981 Brixton riot · 1981 Chapeltown race riot · 1981 Toxteth riots · 1981 Moss Side riot · Handsworth race riots · 1985 Brixton riot · 1985 Broadwater Farm riot · 1987 Chapeltown race riot · 1989 Dewsbury race riot

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    ALEX WHEATLE: THE ANGER THAT CAUSED RIOTS HAS NEVER GONE AWAY
    9TH AUGUSTUS 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25683

    [23]

    AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL ABOUT POLICE VIOLENCE IN FRANCE AND POLICE IMPUNITY

    AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

    THE SEARCH FOR JUSTICE:
    THE EFFECTIVE IMPUNITY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS IN CASES OF SHOOTINGS, DEATHS IN CUSTODY OR TORTURE AND ILL TREATMENT
    5TH APRIL 2005

    http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR21/001/2005/en/33ee48f6-d535-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/eur210012005en.html

    BBC TIMELINE FRENCH RIOTS OF 2005

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4413964.stm

    FRENCH RIOTS IN 2005

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France

    FRENCH RIOTS IN 2007

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_civil_unrest_in_France

    And so conditions were ripe for violence in France’s immigrant suburbs when two teenagers of African origin were accidentally electrocuted in October 2005 while hiding from police.

    http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/paris_riots/

    Then, in November 2007, two teens were killed in a crash with a police patrol car in the Paris suburb of Villiers-le-Bel.

    http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/paris_riots/

    LOS ANGELES RIOTS 1992

    BBC
    1992: LA IN FLAMES AFTER ”NOT GUILTY” VERDICT

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/29/newsid_2500000/2500471.stm

    WIKIPEDIA
    1992 LOS ANGELES RIOTS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots

    [24]

    THE MORNING STAR
    TINDERBOX BRITAIN
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/news/content/view/full/108079

    WORKERS SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT
    LONDON BURNS: CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS-AN ANARCHIST PERSPECTIVE
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.wsm.ie/c/london-riots-causes-consequences-anarchist

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    WHY PEOPLE ARE RIOTING
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25645

    [25]

    THE MORNING STAR
    TINDERBOX BRITAIN
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/news/content/view/full/108079

    WORKERS SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT
    LONDON BURNS: CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS-AN ANARCHIST PERSPECTIVE
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.wsm.ie/c/london-riots-causes-consequences-anarchist

    INQUEST
    DEATH IN POLICE CUSTODY

    http://inquest.gn.apc.org/website/statistics/deaths-in-police-custody

    [26]

    SCARMAN REPORT [1981]

    BBC
    1981: BRIXTION RIOTS REPORT BLAMES RACIAL TENSION

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/25/newsid_2546000/2546233.stm

    BBC
    1981: BRIXTON RIOTS REPORT BLAMES RACIAL TENSION

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/25/newsid_2546000/2546233.stm

    THE SOCIALIST REVIEW
    CAN THE POLICE BE REFORMED?

    http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr228/morgan.htm

    GIFFORD REPORT [1986]

    ”Just a few years later this led to another explosion of anger with the riot on the Broadwater Farm estate in Tottenham following the death of local resident Cynthia Jarrett during a police raid. The riot was led by local black people, but it also involved local whites, and the anger was again directed against the police. The government set up an independent inquiry into the riot, chaired by Lord Gifford QC. This report also stressed the need to improve local facilities, tackle unemployment and increase spending. But its criticisms of the police were much harder than the Scarman Report. On the issue of racism it said, ‘We call for a ruthless determination to eradicate racism from the police force… ”

    Bron:

    THE SOCIALIST REVIEW
    CAN THE POLICE BE REFORMED?

    http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr228/morgan.htm

    THE MACPHERSON REPORT

    BBC
    RACE: THE MACPHERSON REPORT

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/news/vote2001/hi/english/main_issues/sections/facts/newsid_1190000/1190971.stm

    THE GUARDIAN
    THE MACPHERSON REPORT: SUMMARY
    Macpherson’s 70 proposals to take on our ‘institutionally racist’ police
    24TH FEBRUARY 1999

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1999/feb/24/lawrence.ukcrime12

    WIKIPEDIA
    DEATH OF STEPHEN LAWRENCE

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Stephen_Lawrence

    WIKIPEDIA
    THE BRIXTON RIOTS 1981

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot

    METROPOLITAN POLICE
    BRIXTON RIOTS 1981

    http://www.met.police.uk/history/brixton_riots.htm

    [27]

    ”No police officer has been found guilty of a death in custody in the past 40 years, despite deaths averaging one a week. ”

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    WHY PEOPLE ARE RIOTING
    13TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25645

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    SHOT IN THE HEAD, DEAD AFTER AN ARREST: THE POLICE COVER UPS
    13 AUGUSTUS 2011

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25660

    DEATH OF CYNTHIA JARRETT

    ”No police officers were charged or disciplined for her death.”

    WIKIPEDIA
    BROADWATER FARM RIOT

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot

    THE DEATH OF CHERRY GROCE
    BBC
    OFFICER CLEARED IN GROCE SHIOOTING CASE

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/15/newsid_2530000/2530537.stm

    WIKIPEDIA
    CHERRY GROCE

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Groce

    [28]

    WIKIPEDIA

    DEATH OF PC BLAKELOCK

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot#Death_of_PC_Blakelock

    Source:

    WIKIPEDIA

    BROADWATER FARM RIOT

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot

    WIKIPEDIA
    THE MURDER OF KEITH BLAKELOCK

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Keith_Blakelock

    [29]

    TRIALS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot#Trials

    Source:

    WIKIPEDIA

    BROADWATER FARM RIOT

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot

    THE SOCIALIST WORKER
    TRUTH ABLOUT BROADWATER FARM RIOT AND THE KILLING OF PC BLAKELOCK
    16TH FEBRUARY 2010

    http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=20276

    [30]

    ESDA test

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_detection_device

    [31]

    ”Three adults, Winston Silcott, Engin Raghip and Mark Braithwaite, were convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment despite no witnesses and limited forensic evidence[citation needed]. The Tottenham Three are Innocent Campaign and the Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign pressed for a retrial. On 25 November 1991, all three defendants were cleared by the Court of Appeal when an ESDA test demonstrated police notes of interrogations (the only evidence) had been tampered with. Braithwaite and Raghip were released after four years in prison. Silcott remained in prison for the separate murder of another man, Tony Smith. He was released on licence in 2003 after serving eighteen years for that crime. The officer in charge of the interrogation was cleared of perjury.”

    TRIALS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot#Trials

    Soirce:

    WIKIPEDIA

    BROADWATER FARM RIOT

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot


    Back in 1985, hundreds of young black men were interviewed in connection with PC Blakelock’s death.
    Winston Silcott, Engin Raghip and Mark Braithwaite were convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
    Following a campaign by the Broadwater Farm Defence, the Broadwater Three were found not guilty by the Court of Appeal.
    Police notes of the suspect interrogations – the only evidence – had been tampered with. ”

    THE MORNING STAR
    TINDERBOX BRITAIN
    9TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/news/content/view/full/108079

    [32]

    BBC
    SOME ENGLAND RIOTS SENTENCES ”TOO SEVERE”
    17TH AUGUST 2011

    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14553330

    donsimon
    Free Member

    WTF? 😯

    headfirst
    Free Member

    please don’t take up space on the internet

    EDIT: having now skim-read your post, your basic premise seems to be:

    ‘it’s always somebody else(*)’s fault’

    *the police, the state, whoever…

    Fresh Goods Friday 696: The Middling Edition

    Fresh Goods Friday 696: The Middlin...
    Latest Singletrack Videos
    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    Blimey. 😯

    Longest single post ever?

    Good stuff though, and welcome to STW! 😀

    (Settles in for the evening with another pork pie and some crisps)

    I see that those who’v bin sent to jail recently will undoubtedly come out reformed, enlightened individuals:

    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14911174

    Anyone care to estimate the cost to the taxpayer of all the appeals cases following the harshly disproportionate knee-jerk sentencing following the riots?

    IanMunro
    Free Member

    I’m looking forward to astrid’s contributions on many threads.

    Stoner
    Free Member

    Best troll. Ever

    binners
    Full Member

    Only one thing to say to that:

    I struggle with long sentences!

    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    Stoner; why not have a read of some of the info in that post and the links?

    Y’know; you like reading stuff don’t you, rather than finding out stuff through real experience. This should be perfect for you…

    binners
    Full Member

    May I congratulate you on your sources though. Wikipedia AND the Socialist Worker

    Chances of the Daily Mail not being quoted as a riposte within 5 posts? Hmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

    jackthedog
    Free Member

    And I thought I harped on.

    Northwind
    Full Member

    Elfinsafety – Member

    Stoner; why not have a read of some of the info in that post and the links?

    Because there’s about a million tons of it, and it’s presented badly enough that even if there was only one paragraph it’d still be impenetrable.

    Elfin, presumably you’ve read it all in detail so how about an executive summary?

    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    Elfin, presumably you’ve read it all in detail so how about an executive summary?

    TBH I probbly have actually, over the years. That and loads of other views and accounts. Including those of those on the side of the police. Too many unanswered questions, and those guilty of disgusting abuse of the Law have got off scott-free.

    People are of course free to form their own responses though, and argue any of the points raised/made.

    The Broadwater Farm affair is something that still angers many people in certain communities in London. and you’ve got the death of Colin roach whilst in a police station, yet still no actual enquiry into his death, despite a coroner disputing the claims made by officers…

    The Met in particular are very deserving of the fear, loathing and deep mistrust levelled at them. There’s plenty of good reasons for this, not least the many unjustifiable deaths of innocent people at the hands of the police. A force riddled with corrupt scum.

    grum
    Free Member

    tl;dr

    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    Choose Life

    Choose Apathy.

    🙄

    druidh
    Free Member

    binners – Member
    May I congratulate you on your sources though. Wikipedia AND the Socialist Worker

    Thank you for that summary. It’ll save me having to read any of it.

    I hope all you bleeding-heat liberals will be happy now – http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14911174

    New gangs are forming in jails because of the influx of people charged over last month’s riots, the prisons watchdog for England and Wales says.

    It would’ve been better to have just let the police beat them up a bit and send them home with a bit of a sore head.

    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    Erm, I’d already posted that link up, Onion. 🙄

    Of course, you wooduv known that, had you bothered reading…

    crikey
    Free Member

    What does Gilberto have to say?

    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    I don’t know, she’s banging on about some lass from some suburb of a large city in Brazil….

    And it’s ‘Astrud’…

    [video]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJkxFhFRFDA[/video]

    crikey
    Free Member

    Tall and tanned and young and lovely, just like you Elf.

    crikey
    Free Member

    Well, tallish…

    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    😆

    ton
    Full Member

    the shytest thread ever.

    deadlydarcy
    Free Member

    I think it’s been a bit too much for ton to take in. Bless.

    ton
    Full Member

    and now made even worse……….. 🙄

    CaptainFlashheart
    Free Member

    Well, that’s a few seconds of my life I will never get back.

    randomjeremy
    Free Member

    …The Aristocrats

    cranberry
    Free Member

    Have you tried Immodium ? For bum diarrhoea you put the tablet in your mouth, so I would humbly suggest you try pushing the tablet in the other end.

    deadlydarcy
    Free Member

    Ah bless…cheer up sweetie.

    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    Well, that’s a few seconds of my life I will never get back.

    That’s terrible, Flashy. I’m sure the families of Cherry Groce and Kieth Blakelock will be devastated for you.

    yossarian
    Free Member

    Heh heh, top banana. In the equivalent of an armoured assault on the sensibilities of Tory STW, ton has capitulated immediately, flashy has hitched up his knickers and is running for cover and stoner is pretending nothing’s happened. 😉

    Off to watch the footie now, will read the 200 or so new posts later. 🙂

    deadlydarcy
    Free Member

    flashy has hitched up his knickers

    I just did a little sicky in my throat 🙂

    But also, I have the strangest boner right now. 😯

    tazzymtb
    Full Member

    astrid is has got to be another Fred/elfin nom de plume…… it’s too scary to contemplate two separate loonies of such magnitude on one forum 😯

    CaptainFlashheart
    Free Member

    Strangest, Darcy? Has it gone a funny colour or something? 😉

    tazzymtb
    Full Member

    The Chap Manifesto

    1. THOU SHALT ALWAYS WEAR TWEED. No other fabric says so defiantly: I am a man of panache, savoir-faire and devil-may-care, and I will not be served Continental lager beer under any circumstances.

    2 THOU SHALT NEVER NOT SMOKE. Health and Safety “executives” and jobsworth medical practitioners keep trying to convince us that smoking is bad for the lungs/heart/skin/eyebrows, but we all know that smoking a bent apple billiard full of rich Cavendish tobacco raises one’s general sense of well-being to levels unimaginable by the aforementioned spoilsports.

    3 THOU SHALT ALWAYS BE COURTEOUS TO THE LADIES. A gentleman is never truly seated on an omnibus or railway carriage: he is merely keeping the seat warm for when a lady might need it. Those who take offence at being offered a seat are not really Ladies.

    4 THOU SHALT NEVER, EVER, WEAR PANTALOONS DE NIMES. When you have progressed beyond fondling girls in the back seats of cinemas, you can stop wearing jeans. Wear fabrics appropriate to your age, and, who knows, you might even get a quick fumble in your box at the opera.

    5 THOU SHALT ALWAYS DOFF ONE’S HAT. Alright, so you own a couple of trilbies. Good for you – but it’s hardly going to change the world. Once you start actually lifting them off your head when greeting, departing or simply saluting passers-by, then the revolution will really begin.

    6 THOU SHALT NEVER FASTEN THE LOWEST BUTTON ON THY WESKIT. Look, we don’t make the rules, we simply try to keep them going. This one dates back to Edward VII, sufficient reason in itself to observe it.

    7 THOU SHALT ALWAYS SPEAK PROPERLY. It’s quite simple really. Instead of saying “Yo, wassup?”, say “How do you do?”

    8 THOU SHALT NEVER WEAR PLIMSOLLS WHEN NOT DOING SPORT. Nor even when doing sport. Which you shouldn’t be doing anyway. Except cricket.

    9 THOU SHALT ALWAYS WORSHIP AT THE TROUSER PRESS. At the end of each day, your trousers should be placed in one of Mr. Corby’s magical contraptions, and by the next morning your creases will be so sharp that they will start a riot on the high street.

    10 THOU SHALT ALWAYS CULTIVATE INTERESTING FACIAL HAIR. By interesting we mean moustaches, not beards.

    Nonsense
    Free Member

    You Sir (or madam) are a mentalist. This is almost as idiotic as the rubbish spouted by EDL

    Elfinsafety
    Free Member

    it’s too scary to contemplate two separate loonies of such magnitude on one forum

    Ever considered it may very well be you what is mayd?

    Hmm?

    Well? Have you?

    Because if you jolly well have not, you’re just in denial.

    IMO, Astrid raises some very important points, which help to highlight some of the causes of social unrest in this country. If you don’t care, and are content to wallow in ignorance, up to you. But don’t mock others when it’s you yourself who fester in apathy.

    Off you go back to your tellies. Your government needs you to be docile and compliant, and unquestioning.

    Northwind
    Full Member

    druidh – Member

    I hope all you bleeding-heat liberals will be happy now

    Not nice to be proved right like this tbh. So not happy. And not all that satisfied either since it was no great feat to predict it. Prison proliferates crime, it’s hardly news.

    simonralli2
    Free Member

    All well and good, but couldn’t they have done somewhere decent, like the Houses of Parliament or Buck Palace or something, rather than looting trainers and doing over Greggs and Poundland? Given that Waterstones in Clapham High Street was untouched, I guess riots are the voice of the great unread too 🙁

    tazzymtb
    Full Member

    Ever considered it may very well be you what is mayd?

    Hmm?

    Well? Have you?

    I know I’m normal I now have a certificate to prove it since my therapy…..so there!

    tazzymtb
    Full Member

    more protests but this time civilised

    A large band of tweedy revolutionaries toasted Mr. Beau Brummell with their hip flasks at his memorial on Jermyn Street, SW1, before proceeding northwards, with a pause to admire the fine wares in the windows of Jermyn Street’s stores. Reaching the Oxford Street, they sought to draw attention to the appalling lack of gentlemanly services available on Britain’s high streets. Several operatives entered the premises of Mr. R. McDonald, where they requested devilled kidneys, kedgeree and vintage champagne. Needless to say, they left empty-bladdered.

    Other flashpoints were Starbucks (where pots of oolong and china cups were not forthcoming); Specsavers (no monocles); All Bar One (cocktails off the menu); the final straw was when an operative entered an emporium named Carphone Warehouse, and found that it was neither a warehouse nor did it sell telephones for cars. Even a simple request for a walnut encasement for the telephone in an Alvis Speed Twenty was met with a blank stare.

    The band of protesters then sauntered down Regent Street, where their spontaneous hat doffing and jovial greetings to all and sundry were much appreciated. The only exception were the constabulary, who for some reason saw several dozen polite, immaculately dressed Chaps and Chapettes as a threat, and by the time the party had reached Piccadilly Circus, the number of officers outnumbered the protesters.
    At tea time, Piccadilly Circus was declared a Doffing Zone. Anyone entering hatless or sporting unsuitable headwear was gently offered doffing instruction; curious tourists wearing baseball caps were offered more dapper alternatives such as trilby, fedora and homburg. Afternoon tea was served in delightful china cups on the steps of the statue of Eros, while more advanced techniques, such as moustache growing, were demonstrated to curious members of the constabulary, who failed to see the connection between hirsute constables and a happy citizenry.

    The very foundations of vulgar society and homogenized chainstore Britain were not brought to their knees, and Parliament did not call an emergency meeting to deal with the situation. However, the Chaps all had a jolly good time, no-one was hurt, and, who knows, perhaps the likes of Mr. Starbucks really will consider putting some loose leaf teas on his menu, purely to entice a more civilised customer in future.

Viewing 40 posts - 1 through 40 (of 61 total)

The topic ‘Riots in England/Uprising of the unheard’ is closed to new replies.