(Mr MC posting)
broadly speaking, lower back pain is usually caused by a bike or stem too long making the rider stretched out, not the bike being too small.
I dont know stiffee sizing but I'm 5 '10 and spent 5yrs riding a 17" Kona coiler, which has been replaced by a 17" Nomad and a 16" 456, both of which have near identical top tube lengths to the Kona which seems to suit me (~22.5"). I use ~80mm stems.
Trying a few stem lengths would be even cheaper than buying a soul, if you can borrow off riding buddies or pick a few up here cheap you can cover quite a size range (probably greater than the difference in TT length between a 17 stiffee and a large Soul, say). Yes it'll effect the handling but its a cheap way to assess what overall "cockpit" length suits you before shelling out on a new frame.
I gave up hardtails for 5yrs due to a bad back, but I knew what my problem was (spinal not muscular) and have successfully gone back to them now my back has recovered. Have you had a medical opinion on your back?
And to answer your original Q I rode a 15" I-drive for a couple of years which I knew was too small, and it never caused me back problems.