The bolts are the correct length if if used with the 180 mount. If they were shorter and still used with a 180 mount you probably wouldn’t have sufficient thread engagement in the lowers.
If to think about it – the bolt needs to take up those washers, the mount and the caliper. If you aren’t using the mount you need shorter bolts or else the bolt bottoms out in the lowers (or cracks them – as you’ve found out – as they are cast magnesium alloy – which isn’t that strong really)
I’ve just popped to the garage and the bolts I have on my wife’s bike (160 rotor) are shorter than the ones I got with my xtr post mount for a 180 rotor