(From a leading sports scientist in The Economist today)
These shoes were made for torquing
One of the biggest factors in Mr Kipchoge’s 1:59:40 display, however, is fully legal in official races. In Vienna he wore Nike’s latest advance in running-shoe technology: the Vaporfly Next. Its predecessor, the Vaporfly 4%, got its name from the shoemaker’s claim that it improves running efficiency by that margin, a staggering advance that has been corroborated by independent research. The Vaporfly Next has yet to be subjected to the same level of testing, but it is reasonable to assume that it does even more. The 4% model employs a stiff carbon-fibre plate to reduce wasted energy and features a unique design that counteracts some of the ankle injury risk the plate creates. The Next is the first running shoe to use multiple carbon fibre plates among a host of other bells and whistles.
According to Mr Tucker, the 4% advantage conferred by first-generation Vaporflys means that in less advanced footwear, Mr Kipchoge’s 1:59:40 performance would have been good for 2:02:52—an outstanding day at the office, even for an elite marathoner, but far short of the magic number. Not every runner responds to Vaporflys to the same degree, so it is possible they did not help Mr Kipchoge so much. But on the other hand, the Vaporfly Next may have offered an even greater edge than the earlier model.
Vaporflys have been on the feet of elite marathoners since 2016, a short span of time in which the event’s record books have been completely rewritten. Two weeks before the Ineos Challenge Kenesisa Bekele, a 37-year-old from Ethiopia, won the Berlin Marathon with a time only two seconds behind Mr Kipchoge’s official record. And on October 13th, a day after Mr Kipchoge toppled the two-hour mark, Brigid Kosgei, a 25-year-old Kenyan who also wears Nike’s shoes, set a new women’s world record at the Chicago Marathon. Ms Kosgei crushed Paula Radcliffe’s 16-year-old mark of 2:15:25 with a new best of 2:14:04.
Only four men have ever run a regulation marathon in less than 2:02:57, and all of them did so with the assistance of Vaporflys. This group of advantageously shod super-runners have defied the usual pattern, in which new records are established in increasingly tiny increments. The effect of the new technology is unprecedented in distance running, and brings to mind Speedo’s LZR full-body swimming suits, which substantially reduced friction compared to previous standard gear. They were worn by 94% of winners at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and so many swimming records fell that the suits were quickly banned