Assuming you are flying, buy tickets to the Van Gogh museum at the visitor’s information kiosk by the exit of Terminal 2. We saved a HUGE queue. Since you have a bike, just riding around the city is a pleasant way to spend a morning.
For other museums; ARCAM for architecture, the Stedelijk if they’ve finished updating it are both good. If you like jazz, you should visit the new Bimhuis on the quayside near the central station.But for a decent bike ride and quality attraction at the end, you should cycle out to the Museum of Dutch Life here.
Last point – Amsterdam is the bike theft capital of the world. you have been warned…