From an old timers point of view; tubs were what the fast lads/pros rode and were the only decent rubber around so they developed a certain legendary quality.
The continued use by the pros owes rather more to their run-flat ability and tradition (many many many wheelsets, all running tubs) to any actual performance advantage for road racing.
As with steel frames, there is a certain age group among cyclists who regard tubs as the pinnacle of rubbery goodness, especially so amongst US roadies.
The only research I have seen suggests that tubs have higher rolling resistance than clinchers, because of the way the carcass and the tub glue deform under load. There is a way around this using shellac as glue, like some trackies do.
I’ve had one set of 24 hole wheels and they were crap; way too flexible, breaking spokes under no serious load and rubbing on the frame. Deep section rims may be better.
For cross, the advantages seem to lie in the ability to run them at lower pressures for grip than would be capable with clinchers, but they are a pain when you puncture.