If you want to ride from town (depending on where you are exactly), I’d say find GMBC (as above) as good riding close to the city can be hard to find.
It is possible to make the most of early mornings and evenings by traveling a little further away. The train from Queen St might give you some options if you can finish early and head up the west (Arrochar, Crianlarich) or centrally (Dunkeld, Birnam…). You’d be restricted to short routes though as the train to any of these is slooooowwww and there aren’t very many late night/early morning services to choose from. A car would be useful if you can hyra one and give you flexibility to go to places in the borders (the 7stanes bikeparks and Drumlanrig t.ex.) in the evenings/ early mornings.
At the weekend, you can get to most of the mainland in the time it takes to get from Umeå to Hemavan, even using the limited trains services going north. If you’re looking for weekend ideas, there are so many options it might be worth starting a thread specifically on that, or ask for tips on here.
Other useful things when planning – weather forecasts. Amongst the more useful ones are mwis and yr
PS, Nice report – just up the road from some friends of ours in Lycksele, but I’ve never biked up that way yet.