i looked at this and am no expert so hope someone comes along soon
what i concluded was its all to do with how big your cogs (or more accurately what range you are trying to get) are so if running a 34t with big cog up front use then a long cage will handle the extra chain length and movement – need to look at "capacity"
so if running say 26 max at back then short cage it is – so doesn't get ripped off as you flow thru those descents
– if like me with knackered knee and groin and a pathetic spec' then a long cage lets me spin the fireroad