Probably one of the blade bearings has seized, which often causes the belt to get thrown off.
Take the belt back off, and try spinning each blade. Depending on the blade brake setup, you may need to lever the brake off (usually a pad that rubs on the edge of the blade pulley, if it’s a direct blade brake type). If the blade doesn’t spin freely, then that’s your problem. Also check for play that would indicate one of the bearings has collapsed.
If the bearings have failed, it’s usually easier and often just as cheap to just get a complete bearing housing assembly, as they’re a pain to dismantle, typically use odd ball size bearings. A new housing you just swap the pulley/blade and off you go again.
There are plenty places online that supply parts, but it usually means finding a part no, however just google for the model number (sticker under the seat normally). Mountfield are just rebranded Murray mowers IIRC, so parts are relatively cheap.