Poles also lead to relative deterioration of the dynamic stabilising muscles used in hill walking too apparently.
Well it's a good thing I sometimes go walking without them, or my legs would be jelly now I'm sure.
Out of interest, did your wife's study investigate uneven/slippery/unstable surfaces, steep uphills/dowhills, heavy loads, walking through deep snow, walking in strong winds?
Or did she just put people on a treadmill in the lab?

